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code relay

  • 1 Algebraic Code-Excited Linear Prediction

    Telecommunications: ACELP (Frame Relay Forum)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Algebraic Code-Excited Linear Prediction

  • 2 кодовое реле

    Русско-английский словарь по электронике > кодовое реле

  • 3 кодовое реле

    Русско-английский словарь по радиоэлектронике > кодовое реле

  • 4 кодовое реле

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > кодовое реле

  • 5 кодовое реле

    1. code relay

     

    кодовое реле

    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > кодовое реле

  • 6 стеллаж кодовых реле

    Russian-English dictionary of railway terminology > стеллаж кодовых реле

  • 7 кодовое реле

    1) Engineering: code relay
    2) Railway term: selective relay

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > кодовое реле

  • 8 кодово-импульсное реле

    Russian-English dictionary of railway terminology > кодово-импульсное реле

  • 9 кодово-приемное реле

    Russian-English dictionary of railway terminology > кодово-приемное реле

  • 10 блок


    unit, block;
    - (агрегат)unit
    - (ролик, тросовый) — pulley
    - (такелажный, погрузочный) — pulley block
    - а, д, е (бытовых приборов) — unit а, d, е
    - аварийных и предупреждающих сигналов (бап) — warning/caution signal unit
    - автоматики (ба, инерц. сист.) — automatic control unit
    - автоматического триммирования (бат), автотриммирования — autotrim control unit
    -, антенно-электронный — antenna/electronic unit
    - баланса (электрического баланса, системы сп-50) — balance control unit
    -, балансировки (бб) — stable platform gyro bias drift
    дпя компенсации систематической составляющей собственного дрейфа гироскопов гироплатформы по трем осям. — compensator
    - ввода начальных данных (пв, инерциальной системы) — control display unit (cdu)
    - воздушных параметров (бвп)air data unit
    -, "врубной" — plug-in unit
    - bcmb (системы cbc, вычислитепь скорости, чиспа м и высоты) — air data computer
    -, вычислительно-усилительный (вуб, инерциальной системы) — computer-amplifier unit
    - гиромагнитной коррекции (бгмк) — gyro/mag monitor
    -, гидравлический — hydraulic unit (pack)
    - датчиков угловых скоростей — rate gyro unit /group/
    - демпфирующих гироскоповrate gyro unit
    - дистанционной (дискретной) коррекции (бдк)navigation computer correction selector
    задатчик, устанавливаемый на приборной доске и служащий для компенсации систематической погрешности курсовой системы или цепи счисления пути в нав. вычислитепь (нву) (рис. 69). — selector is installed on сopilot's instrument panel, and is used to compensate systematic errors оf compass system or а/с position reckoning circuit in navigation computer.
    - добавочного сопротивления (для ограничения токов в цепи якоря электродвигателя.) — additional resistance unit
    - заданной информации по траектории полетаflight path data storage unit (fdsu)
    - задатчика скорости (приборной)ias selector unit
    - задающий (в сист. управления) — master unit
    - зажиганияignition unit
    -, законченный — definite-purpose unit
    - защиты двигателя (бзд)engine protection unit
    - защиты и управления (бзу)protection and control unit
    -, инерциально-навигационный (с гироплатформой) — inertial navigation unit (inu)
    - искрогашения (рад.) — spark quench unit
    -, исполнительный — actuating unit
    - камеры сгоранияcombustion section
    - кислородного питания, переносной — portable oxygen unit
    - кислородного питания (бкп), переносной (аварийный баллон с редуктором и манометром) — (emergency) portable /walkaround/ oxygen cylinder
    - кислородного питания (бкп), стационарный — oxygen supply cylinder (unit)
    - кислородного оборудования (бко состоит из укладочного блока и кислородной маски) — oxygen unit
    - коммутацииswitching unit
    - коммутации навигационного оборудования (бкн)navigation equipment switching unit
    - коммутации шин (автомат переключения шин)bus tie relay (unit)
    -, конструктивно-законченный — definite-purpose unit
    - контроляmonitor
    - контроля (переносного типа "тестер") — tester
    - контроля исправности (системы) — (system) integrity monitor /monitoring unit/
    - контроля кренов (бкк) (сравнивает углы крена и тангажа, индицируемые на обоих пкп и измеряемые резервной курсовертикалью, и при необходимости вырабатывает сигнал отказа.) — attitude monitor (атт mntr)
    - коррекции и связи (бкс, инерциальной навигационной системы) — coupler
    - кресел (пассажирских)seat unit
    - кресел, двухместный — double-place seat unit
    - кресел, трехместный — triple-place seat unit
    -, легкосъемный (со штырьевым разъемом) — plug-and-socket quick release unit
    - масляных насосов (маслоагрегат)oil pump block
    -, модульный — module
    - на твердых схемах (электронный) — solid state circuitry unit (all-solid state circuitry is used in many key chassis areas.)
    - наведения (бн)guidance unit
    в системе сау для управления механизмом триммерного эффекта продольного канала. — directs an aircraft with referеncе 'to selection of a flight path.
    -, натяжной (для регулирования натяжения тросовой проводки) — cable tensioning pulley
    -, натяжной (оттяжной, тросовой проводки) — idle pulley block
    - неуправляемых ракет (подвесной)rocket pod
    - ограничения режимов (автопилота, бор) — mode limiter
    - опасной высоты (автопилота,бов) — preselected radio altitude unit
    - оперативной памяти (устройство) — random-access memory (ram) ram output data is transferred on the memory bus.
    - (иммитации) отказов (системы сау)failure simulator
    - отключения генератора (бог)generator cut-out unit
    -, оттяжной (тросовой проводки) — idle pulley block
    - очередности (очереди работы озу) — queue control block (а block that is used to regulate the sequential use of a programmer.)
    - памяти (внешней)storage unit
    - памяти воздушных сигналовair data storage unit
    - передачи данныхdata transmitter
    -, перекидной (роликовый) — guide pulley block
    - переключения потребителей (бпп)load monitor relay (unit) (lmr)
    - переключения шин (автомат)bus tie relay unit (btr)
    - перекрестных связей (бпс)cross-coupling unit
    - питанияpower unit
    - питания потребителей (бпп)power unit
    - пластин (аккумулятора), отрицательный — negative plate group
    - пластин (аккумулятора), положительный — positive plate group
    -, погрузочный (тросовой проводки с лебедкой) — (cargo) loading /handling/ pulley block
    - подрыва (сро)destructor (unit)
    - подшипника, внутренний — bearing inner race and cage assembly
    -, полностью собранный на транзисторах — all-transistorized unit
    - полупроводниковых приборов(бпп)semiconductor module
    - постоянной памяти (устройство) — read-only memory (rom) rom output data is transferred on the memory bus.
    - постоянной памяти (внешнее устройство)permanent storage
    - преобразования (системы свс)converter
    - преобразования сигналов (системы мсрп)signal conditioning unit
    - приема данныхdata receiver
    - приема и обработки сигналов (навигац.системы "омега") — receiver-processor unit (rpu)
    -,приемо-вычислительный (системы "омега") — receiver processor unit (rpu)
    -,приемо-процессорный (системы "омега") — receiver processor unit (rpu) contains the circuitry to process the received omega and vlf signals.
    -, процессорно-вычислительный (пb, системы "омега") — receiver-processor unit (rpu)
    - разовых команд (брк)event signal unit
    - распределения углов (бру, крена, курса, тангажа инерциальной системы) — pitch, roll and heading angular information distributor (used to transfer pitch, roll and heading angular information to respective systems.)
    - растормаживания (блок тормоза)brake retraction mechanism
    - реактивных орудий (подвесной)rocket pod
    - регулирования частоты генератора (брч)generator frequency control unit
    - регулировочно-коммутационный (автопилота)coupler
    - речевой информации (ри)voice warning unit (vwu)
    - речевых команд (брк)voice warding unit (vwu)
    - (2-х) роликовый(twin) pulley block
    -,рулевой (рб,автопилота) — servo (unit)
    - ручного триммированияmanual trim control unit
    - связи — coupling unit, coupler
    -, связи аналого-цифровой (ацбс) — analog-digital coupler
    служит для преобразования входных данных в цифровой код и цифрового кода в выходные данные. — converts input data into digital code, and then digital code into output signals.
    - связи, антенный (системы "омега") — antenna coupler (acu)
    - связи низкой частоты доплеровского измерителя скорости и сносаdoppler lf coupler
    - связи с антеннойantenna coupler unit
    - связи с курсовой системой — compass system coupling unit /coupler/
    - связи с радиолокационным оборудованием — radar coupling unit /coupler/
    - сигнализации нарушения питания (снп)power fail relay (unit)
    - сигнализации предельных кренов (бспк для включения табло крен лев (прав) велик) — limit bank warn(ing) unit (to operate high l(r) bank annunciators)
    - сигналов отказа (бсо)failure signal unit
    - сидений (кресел, двух-трехместный) — (double-, triple-place) seat unit
    - скоростных гироскопов — rate gyro unit/group/
    - собранный на транзисторахtransistorized unit
    - согласования (автопилота)synchronizer
    - согласования (сарпп)signal conditioning unit
    - согласования (сист. высотноскоростных параметров) — synchronizer
    - согласования курса (бск, сист. бскв) — heading synchronizer
    - согласующих устройств (бсу, системы мсрп) — signal conditioning unit
    - сопряжения антенн (системы омега)antenna coupler unit (acu)
    - специализированного питания (бсп, инерциональной системы) — power unit
    - сравненияcomparator
    - сравнения гировертикалей (бсг) — vertical gyro comparator, vg comparator
    - сравнения сигналов компасовcompass signal comparator
    - страницpage block

    а normal blank page within a page block (e.g. the back of a fold-out page) shall be identified as follows. pages 823/824 (ata-1oo, 1-1-1, p.2)
    - страниц раздела технология обслуживания, включает: обслуживание (стр. 301-400) демонтаж/монтаж (стр. 401-500) регулировка/испытание (стр. 501-600) осмотр/проверка (стр. 601-700) очистка/окраска (стр. 701-800) 1 текущий ремонт (стр. 801-900) — maintenance practices page number blocks are as follows: servicing (pages 301-400) removal/installation (401-500) adjustment/test (501-600) inspection/check (601-700) cleaning/painting (701-800) approved repairs (801-900)
    - страниц, стандартный — standard page number block

    standard page number blocks to be used for the maintenance manual are as follows:
    (напр. описание и работа стр. 1-1oo — description and operation, pages 1 to 100
    отыскание неисправности стр. 101-200 и т.д.) — trouble shooting, pages 101-200

    maintenance practices, pages 201-300 servicing pages 301-400 (ata-1oo, 2-1-1 p.2)
    - суммарного измерения (топливомера (бси)fuel quantity totalizer
    - суммарной сигнализации (топливомера) (бсс)total fuel indication unit
    - (-) схемаblock diagram
    блок-схемы используются в описательной части руководств для общего ознакомления с работой и соединениями сложной эпектрической или электронной системы (рис. 95). — the block diagram shall be used in the descriptive portion of the manuals to simplify complex circuits to understand the system function and operation.
    - (-) схема (подрисуночная надпись, напр. "блоксхема доплеровекого измерителя) — block schematic туре 72 doppler - block schematic
    - топливомера (электронный)fuel quantity unit
    - тормоза (колеса)brake unit
    - траекторного управления (бту системы сту) — flight director unit, fd unit
    - трансформаторно-выпрямительный — transformer-rectifier unit (tr, tru, t/r;
    -, укладочный (для кислородной маски и шланга) — (oxygen mask) container
    -, унифицированный (уб для pc) — rocket pod (rkt pod)
    - управленияcontrol unit
    - управления и индикации (нав. сист. "омега") — control display unit (cdu)
    - управления и индикации расстояния до пункта назначения и отклонения от курса — along/across track display controller
    - управления сигнализациейwarning system control unit
    - усилителя сервопривода крена (бус крена)aileron servo amplifier (unit)
    - усилителя сервопривода тангажа (бус тангажа)elevator servo amplifier (unit)
    - усилителей сервоприводов (бус, автопилота) — servo amplifier unit, autopilot amplifier unit

    provides power outputs to drive the control surface servos.
    -, усилительный (автопилота) — autopilot amplifier
    -, усилительный, крена (тангажа, рыскания) — roll (pitch, yaw) channel amplifier unit
    - формирования (сигналов) и контроляsignal conditioning and monitor unit
    бфк, формирует сигналы h, m, vпр) и вырабат. сигналы отказа датчиков
    -, функционально-законченный — definite-purpose unit
    - центровки самолета (сист. топливомера) (бцс) — fuel equalizer
    - цилиндровcylinder block
    соединение нескольких цилиндров в общем конструктивном узле
    - цилиндров (тормоза колеса) (рис. 32) — cylinder block
    силовой узел тормоза, воздействующий при подаче давления на нажимной диск, сжимающий тормозные (вращающиеся и неподвижные) диски, — the two sets of four piston and cylinder assemblies are incorporated in the torque plate of the cylinder block to provide fully dupplicated and independent application of brake.
    - чередования фаз (бчф)phase-sequence (relay) unit
    - электроники (бэ, инерц. сист.) — electronic unit

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > блок

  • 11 Stibitz, George R.

    [br]
    b. 20 April 1904 York, Pennsylvania, USA
    [br]
    American mathematician responsible for the conception of the Bell Laboratories "Complex " computer.
    [br]
    Stibitz spent his early years in Dayton, Ohio, and obtained his first degree at Denison University, Granville, Ohio, his MS from Union College, Schenectady, New York, in 1927 and his PhD in mathematical physics from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, in 1930. After working for a time for General Electric, he joined Bell Laboratories to work on various communications problems. In 1937 he started to experiment at home with telephone relays as the basis of a calculator for addition, multiplication and division. Initially this was based on binary arithmetic, but later he used binary-coded decimal (BCD) and was able to cope with complex numbers. In November 1938 the ideas were officially taken up by Bell Laboratories and, with S.B.Williams as Project Manager, Stibitz built a complex-number computer known as "Complex", or Relay I, which became operational on 8 January 1940.
    With the outbreak of the Second World War, he was co-opted to the National Defence Research Council to work on anti-aircraft (AA) gun control, and this led to Bell Laboratories Relay II computer, which was completed in 1943 and which had 500 relays, bi-quinary code and selfchecking of errors. A further computer, Relay III, was used for ballistic simulation of actual AA shell explosions and was followed by more machines before and after Stibitz left Bell after the end of the war. Stibitz then became a computer consultant, involved in particular with the development of the UNIVAC computer by John Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Emanuel R.Priore Award 1977.
    Bibliography
    1957, with J.A.Larrivee, Mathematics and Computers, New York: McGraw-Hill. 1967, "The Relay computer at the Bell Laboratories", Datamation 35.
    Further Reading
    E.Loveday, 1977, "George Stibitz and the Bell Labs Relay computer", Datamation 80. M.R.Williams, 1985, A History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Stibitz, George R.

  • 12 sistema

    m.
    por sistema systematically
    sistema circulatorio circulatory system
    sistema decimal decimal system
    sistema fiscal o impositivo tax system
    sistema inmunológico immune system
    sistema métrico (decimal) metric (decimal) system
    sistema monetario europeo European Monetary System
    sistema montañoso mountain chain o range
    sistema nervioso nervous system
    sistema periódico de los elementos periodic table of elements
    sistema de seguridad security system
    sistema solar solar system
    2 method.
    3 system (computing).
    sistema experto/operativo expert/operating system
    * * *
    1 system
    \
    por sistema as a rule
    sistema cableado hard-wired system
    sistema de ecuaciones simultaneous equations plural
    sistema experto expert system
    sistema métrico decimal decimal metric system
    sistema montañoso mountain chain
    sistema nervioso nervous system
    sistema operativo operative system
    sistema planetario planetary system
    sistema solar solar system
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=conjunto ordenado) system

    sistema binario — (Inform) binary system

    sistema de calefacción — heating, heating system

    sistema de fondo fijo — (Com) imprest system

    sistema frontal — (Meteo) front, frontal system

    sistema inmunitario, sistema inmunológico — immune system

    sistema rastreador[en investigaciones espaciales] tracking system

    2) (=método) method

    yo por sistema lo hago así — I make it a rule to do it this way, I've got into the habit of doing it this way

    * * *
    1) ( método) system
    2) ( conjunto organizado) system

    el sistema educativo/impositivo — the education/tax system

    * * *
    = framework, machinery, system, regime [régime], ways and means.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex. The training of users of On-line Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) should be attuned to the characteristics of the system = La formación de usuarios de los catálogos en linea de acceso público (CEAP) debería estar en consonancia con las características del sistema.
    Ex. This study found that online access to scientific serials is most appropriate in the third world, principally due to the presence of a small number of scientists with a broad range of interests which makes the fixed-price regimes of print, microform or CD-ROM disadvantageous.
    Ex. Teachers need to be more familiar with bibliographical ways and means: librarians should be more aware of problems from the teachers' perspective and make active efforts to inform teachers of sources of help.
    ----
    * abusar del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * activar un sistema = activate + system.
    * administrador del sistema = system administrator.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * alterar el sistema = perturb + the system.
    * análisis de sistemas = system(s) analysis.
    * analista de sistemas = system(s) analyst.
    * analista de sistemas de gestión bibliotecaria = library systems analyst.
    * aprovecharse del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * auditoría de sistemas = systems audit, systems auditing.
    * auditoría de sistemas de información = information systems auditing, information systems audit.
    * bibliotecario de sistemas = systems librarian.
    * brecha del sistema de seguridad = security leak.
    * brecha en el sistema de seguridad = security hole.
    * burlar el sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * caída del sistema = system crash.
    * catálogo del sistema = system catalogue.
    * Comité Conjunto para Sistemas de Información (JISC) = Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).
    * configurador del sistema = system configurator.
    * controlador del sistema = system controller.
    * conversión al sistema decimal = decimalisation [decimalization, -USA].
    * conversión al sistema métrico = metrication.
    * convertir al sistema decimal = decimalise [decimalize, -USA].
    * copia de seguridad del sistema = system backup.
    * desafiar al sistema = beat + the system.
    * desarrollo de sistemas = system(s) development.
    * de todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * diseñador de sistemas = systems designer, system designer, system developer.
    * diseño de sistemas = systems design.
    * documentación del sistema = system documentation.
    * engañar al sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * en todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * entre el hombre y el sistema = human-system.
    * en varios sistemas = cross-system.
    * evaluación de sistemas = system(s) evaluation.
    * fichero de existencias del sistema = system holdings file.
    * fichero de usuarios del sistema = system user file.
    * funcionar por un sistema de turnos = work on + a rota system, work on + a rota, work + shifts.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.
    * ISDS (Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mostrar el prompt del sistema = prompt.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.
    * organizar un sistema de turnos de + Nombre = organise + a rota of + Nombre.
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * parecido a un sistema experto = expert-type.
    * promovido por el propio sistema de información = information-led.
    * prompt del sistema = system prompt.
    * propio del sistema = built-in.
    * protección del sistema = system security.
    * proveedor de sistemas = systems supplier, system supplier [systems supplier].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * responsable del sistema = system programmer.
    * seguridad del sistema = system security.
    * sistema abierto = open system.
    * sistema agrícola = farming system.
    * sistema anglosajón de medidas = imperial measures.
    * sistema anticuado = legacy system.
    * sistema antiguo = legacy system.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema auditivo, el = auditory system, the.
    * sistema automatizado = data system, automated system, computerised system.
    * sistema automatizado de bibliotecas = automated library information system, library computer system.
    * sistema automatizado de indización = computer-based indexing system.
    * sistema automatizado de préstamo = automated lending system, computerised issue system.
    * sistema automatizado multimedia = multimedia computer system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación = computerised document retrieval system, computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de información = computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado por microordenador = microcomputer-based system.
    * sistema bancario, el = banking system, the.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema basado en las imágenes = image-based system.
    * sistema bibliotecario = library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario automatizado = automated library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario nacional = national library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario regional = regional library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario universitario = university library system.
    * sistema + caerse = system + crash.
    * sistema cardiovascular = cardiovascular system.
    * sistema cerebroespinal, el = cerebrospinal system, the.
    * sistema circulatorio = circulatory system.
    * sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.
    * sistema de abastecimiento de agua = waterworks.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * sistema de aire acondicionado = air conditioning system, air cooling system.
    * sistema de alarma = alarm system, detection system.
    * sistema de alcantarillado = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de alerta = early warning system.
    * sistema de alerta de novedades tecnológicas = technology watch.
    * sistema de alerta temprana = early warning system.
    * sistema de alimentación = fuel system.
    * sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval system.
    * sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.
    * sistema de alumbrado = lighting system.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * sistema de archivo = archiving system.
    * sistema de arranque = starting system.
    * sistema de asignaturas optativas = course elective system.
    * sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.
    * sistema de autoedición = desktop system.
    * sistema de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation system.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * sistema de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure, low pressure system.
    * sistema de becas = grant scheme.
    * sistema de bibliotecas públicas = public library system.
    * sistema de búsqueda = paging system.
    * sistema de cableado = wiring system.
    * sistema de cables eléctricos = electrical wiring.
    * sistema de calefacción = heating system.
    * sistema de castas = caste system.
    * sistema de cierre = locking system.
    * sistema decimal = decimal system.
    * sistema de circulación automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.
    * sistema de clases sociales = class system.
    * sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.
    * sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.
    * sistema de cobro por la información usada = information metering.
    * sistema de codificación = coding system.
    * sistema de compañías = companionship system.
    * sistema de comunicación = communication system.
    * sistema de comunicaciones = communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicaciones y de Archivo Fotográfico (PACS) = Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS).
    * sistema de comunicación óptica = optical communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicación por Paquetes (PSS) = Packet-Switching System (PSS).
    * sistema de conductos eléctricos = ducting system.
    * sistema de conferencia en línea = online conferencing system.
    * sistema de control = monitoring system, vetting system.
    * sistema de control de la salida = exit control system.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * sistema de conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech system.
    * sistema de copias de seguridad = backup system.
    * sistema de creencias = belief system.
    * sistema de criba = vetting system.
    * sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.
    * sistema de defensa = defence system.
    * sistema de detección = detection system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sistema de digitalización de documentos = document imaging system.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema de distribución = distribution system.
    * sistema de drenaje = drainage system.
    * sistema de emergencia = backup supply, backup system.
    * sistema de emisión de gases = exhaust system.
    * sistema de emisión de humos = exhaust system.
    * sistema de encendido = ignition system.
    * sistema de entrada mediante tarjetas = card-entry system.
    * sistema de entrada múltiple = multiple entry system.
    * sistema de entrada única = single entry system.
    * sistema de escritura = writing system.
    * sistema de evaluación = rating system.
    * sistema de evaluación anónima = double-blind.
    * sistema de evaluación por paresanónima = double-blind refereeing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante rociadores de agua = water sprinkler fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios = fire extinguishing system, extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante gas halón = halon gas fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de facturación = billing system.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema defensivo = defence system.
    * sistema de fichas = card based system.
    * sistema de fichas peek-a-boo = peek-a-boo system.
    * sistema de frenado = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de frenado antibloqueo = antilock braking system.
    * sistema de frenos = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de géneros = sex/gender system.
    * sistema de gestión bibliotecaria = library system, library management system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).
    * sistema de gestión de imágenes = imaging system, image-based system, image management system.
    * sistema de gestión de la información (SGI) = information management system (IMS).
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * Sistema de Gestión de Mensajes (MHS) = Message Handling System (MHS).
    * sistema de gestión de registros = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión documental = information retrieval system (IRS), record(s) system.
    * sistema de gobierno = polity.
    * sistema de iluminación = lighting system.
    * sistema de incentivos = reward system, system of incentives [incentive system].
    * sistema de indización = indexing system, index system.
    * sistema de indización con conservación del contexto (PRECIS) = PRECIS.
    * Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda (DSIS) = Deep Structure Indexing System (DSIS).
    * sistema de indización de fichas = card index system.
    * Sistema de Indización por Frases Anidadas (NEPHIS) = Nested Phrase Indexing System (NEPHIS).
    * sistema de indización postcoordinada = post-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de indización PRECIS = PRECIS indexing system.
    * sistema de indización precoordinada = pre-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de información = information system.
    * Sistema de Información Bibliotecario = LIBRIS.
    * sistema de información documental = document information system.
    * Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema de información integrado = integrated information system.
    * sistema de información sectorial = sectoral information system.
    * Sistema de Información sobre Literatura Gris en Europa (SIGLE) = SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe).
    * sistema + dejar de funcionar = system + crash.
    * sistema de justicia penal = criminal justice system.
    * sistema de la ciencia, el = system of science, the.
    * sistema de lápiz óptico = data pen system.
    * sistema de llave en mano = turnkey system, turnkey software system.
    * sistema de lógica difusa = fuzzy system.
    * sistema del olfato = olfactory system.
    * sistema de medición de los recursos usados = metering system.
    * sistema de megafonía = public address system.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * sistema de multas = fines system.
    * sistema de multiusuarios = multi-user system.
    * sistema de notas = grading system.
    * sistema de numeración = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema de petición de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de préstamo = circulation system, issue system, lending system, book checking system, charge out system, library issue system.
    * sistema de préstamo automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan system.
    * sistema de presupuestación mediante planificación y programación = planning programming budgeting system (PPBS).
    * sistema de primas = bonus scheme.
    * sistema de procesamiento de información = information processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de datos = data processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de imágenes = imaging system.
    * sistema de puntuación = point system.
    * sistema de reclamaciones = chasing system.
    * sistema de recompensa = reward system.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * sistema de recuperación = retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información = IR system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información por medio de menús = menu-based information retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación por relevancia = relevance system.
    * sistema de referencia = reference system, reference system.
    * sistema de referencia por coordenadas = grid reference.
    * sistema de refrigeración = cooling system.
    * sistema de registro = recording system.
    * sistema de reservas = booking system.
    * sistema de retransmisión = relay system.
    * sistema de rociadores de agua = sprinkler system, water sprinkler system.
    * sistema de saneamiento = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de seguimiento = monitoring system.
    * sistema de seguridad = security system, backup system.
    * sistema de selección = vetting system.
    * sistema de sonido cuadrafónico = quadrophonic system.
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * sistema de tarifas = charging system.
    * sistema de telecomunicaciones = telecommunication system.
    * sistema de televisión en color = colour system.
    * sistema de tiempo real = real-time system.
    * sistema de traducción automatizada = machine translation system.
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de transmisión de mensajes = messaging system.
    * sistema de transporte = transport system.
    * sistema de transporte público = public transport system.
    * sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.
    * sistema de trueque, el = barter system, the.
    * sistema de tubos neumáticos = pneumatic tube system.
    * sistema de turnos = rota system.
    * sistema de valores = system of values, value system.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * sistema de valores sociales = social value system.
    * sistema de ventilación = ventilation system.
    * sistema de vídeodisco = video disc system.
    * Sistema de Vídeo Familiar (VHS) = VHS (Video Home System).
    * sistema de videotexto = videotext system.
    * sistema de videotexto público = public viewdata system.
    * sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.
    * sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.
    * sistema digestivo = digestive system.
    * sistema documental = documentary system.
    * sistema económico = economic system.
    * sistema educativo = educational system, education system.
    * sistema electoral = electoral system.
    * sistema eléctrico = electrical system.
    * sistema electrónico de detección de robos = electronic theft detection system.
    * sistema endocrino, el = endocrine system, the.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * sistema energético = energy system.
    * sistema en lenguaje natural = natural language system.
    * sistema en línea = online system.
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sistema escolar, el = school system, the.
    * sistema ético = ethical system.
    * sistema experto = expert system, knowledge-base system.
    * Sistema General de Ordenación (SGO) = Broad System of Ordering (BSO).
    * sistema híbrido = hybrid system.
    * sistema ideológico = system of thought.
    * sistema informático = computing system, computer system.
    * sistema informático hecho por encargo = tailored system.
    * sistema inmunológico = immune system.
    * sistema integrado = integrated system.
    * sistema integrado de gestión bibliotecaria = integrated library package.
    * sistema inteligente = intelligent system.
    * sistema interactivo = interactive system.
    * sistema interactivo en línea = interactive online system.
    * sistema intermediario = backend system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Información sobre Agricultura (AGRIS) = AGRIS (International Agricultural Information System).
    * Sistema Internacional de Unidades, el = International System of Units, the.
    * sistema judicial = judicial system.
    * sistema legal, el = legal system, the.
    * sistema mercantil = market system.
    * sistema mercantilista = mercantile system.
    * sistema métrico decimal, el = metric system, the, decimal metric system, the.
    * sistema métrico, el = metric system, the.
    * sistema monetario = coinage.
    * sistema monetario, el = coinage system, the.
    * Sistema Monetario Europeo = European Monetary System.
    * sistema nervioso = nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso central = central nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso periférico = peripheral nervous system.
    * sistema numérico = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema obsoleto = legacy system.
    * sistema ofimático = office system.
    * sistema olfativo = olfactory system.
    * sistema operativo = operating system, operational system, computer operating system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sistema óptico = optical system, optical system.
    * sistema óptico de información = optical information system.
    * sistema orgánico = organ system.
    * sistema organizativo = organisational scheme, organisation scheme.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * sistema para información geográfica (SIG) = Geographical Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la información de gestión = management information system (MIS).
    * Sistema para la Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * sistema penal = penal system.
    * sistema penitenciario = penal system.
    * sistema personal = home system.
    * sistema político = political system.
    * sistema político unipartidista = one-party rule.
    * sistema precoordinado = pre-coordinate system.
    * sistema respiratorio = respiratory system.
    * sistema social = social system.
    * sistema solar, el = solar system, the.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * sistema virtual de gestión de cursos = course management system.
    * teoría de sistemas = systems theory.
    * vendedor de sistemas = systems vendor.
    * volver a levantar el sistema = restart.
    * * *
    1) ( método) system
    2) ( conjunto organizado) system

    el sistema educativo/impositivo — the education/tax system

    * * *
    = framework, machinery, system, regime [régime], ways and means.

    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.

    Ex: We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex: The training of users of On-line Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) should be attuned to the characteristics of the system = La formación de usuarios de los catálogos en linea de acceso público (CEAP) debería estar en consonancia con las características del sistema.
    Ex: This study found that online access to scientific serials is most appropriate in the third world, principally due to the presence of a small number of scientists with a broad range of interests which makes the fixed-price regimes of print, microform or CD-ROM disadvantageous.
    Ex: Teachers need to be more familiar with bibliographical ways and means: librarians should be more aware of problems from the teachers' perspective and make active efforts to inform teachers of sources of help.
    * abusar del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * activar un sistema = activate + system.
    * administrador del sistema = system administrator.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * alterar el sistema = perturb + the system.
    * análisis de sistemas = system(s) analysis.
    * analista de sistemas = system(s) analyst.
    * analista de sistemas de gestión bibliotecaria = library systems analyst.
    * aprovecharse del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * auditoría de sistemas = systems audit, systems auditing.
    * auditoría de sistemas de información = information systems auditing, information systems audit.
    * bibliotecario de sistemas = systems librarian.
    * brecha del sistema de seguridad = security leak.
    * brecha en el sistema de seguridad = security hole.
    * burlar el sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * caída del sistema = system crash.
    * catálogo del sistema = system catalogue.
    * Comité Conjunto para Sistemas de Información (JISC) = Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).
    * configurador del sistema = system configurator.
    * controlador del sistema = system controller.
    * conversión al sistema decimal = decimalisation [decimalization, -USA].
    * conversión al sistema métrico = metrication.
    * convertir al sistema decimal = decimalise [decimalize, -USA].
    * copia de seguridad del sistema = system backup.
    * desafiar al sistema = beat + the system.
    * desarrollo de sistemas = system(s) development.
    * de todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * diseñador de sistemas = systems designer, system designer, system developer.
    * diseño de sistemas = systems design.
    * documentación del sistema = system documentation.
    * engañar al sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * en todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * entre el hombre y el sistema = human-system.
    * en varios sistemas = cross-system.
    * evaluación de sistemas = system(s) evaluation.
    * fichero de existencias del sistema = system holdings file.
    * fichero de usuarios del sistema = system user file.
    * funcionar por un sistema de turnos = work on + a rota system, work on + a rota, work + shifts.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.
    * ISDS (Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mostrar el prompt del sistema = prompt.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.
    * organizar un sistema de turnos de + Nombre = organise + a rota of + Nombre.
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * parecido a un sistema experto = expert-type.
    * promovido por el propio sistema de información = information-led.
    * prompt del sistema = system prompt.
    * propio del sistema = built-in.
    * protección del sistema = system security.
    * proveedor de sistemas = systems supplier, system supplier [systems supplier].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * responsable del sistema = system programmer.
    * seguridad del sistema = system security.
    * sistema abierto = open system.
    * sistema agrícola = farming system.
    * sistema anglosajón de medidas = imperial measures.
    * sistema anticuado = legacy system.
    * sistema antiguo = legacy system.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema auditivo, el = auditory system, the.
    * sistema automatizado = data system, automated system, computerised system.
    * sistema automatizado de bibliotecas = automated library information system, library computer system.
    * sistema automatizado de indización = computer-based indexing system.
    * sistema automatizado de préstamo = automated lending system, computerised issue system.
    * sistema automatizado multimedia = multimedia computer system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación = computerised document retrieval system, computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de información = computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado por microordenador = microcomputer-based system.
    * sistema bancario, el = banking system, the.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema basado en las imágenes = image-based system.
    * sistema bibliotecario = library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario automatizado = automated library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario nacional = national library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario regional = regional library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario universitario = university library system.
    * sistema + caerse = system + crash.
    * sistema cardiovascular = cardiovascular system.
    * sistema cerebroespinal, el = cerebrospinal system, the.
    * sistema circulatorio = circulatory system.
    * sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.
    * sistema de abastecimiento de agua = waterworks.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * sistema de aire acondicionado = air conditioning system, air cooling system.
    * sistema de alarma = alarm system, detection system.
    * sistema de alcantarillado = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de alerta = early warning system.
    * sistema de alerta de novedades tecnológicas = technology watch.
    * sistema de alerta temprana = early warning system.
    * sistema de alimentación = fuel system.
    * sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval system.
    * sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.
    * sistema de alumbrado = lighting system.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * sistema de archivo = archiving system.
    * sistema de arranque = starting system.
    * sistema de asignaturas optativas = course elective system.
    * sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.
    * sistema de autoedición = desktop system.
    * sistema de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation system.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * sistema de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure, low pressure system.
    * sistema de becas = grant scheme.
    * sistema de bibliotecas públicas = public library system.
    * sistema de búsqueda = paging system.
    * sistema de cableado = wiring system.
    * sistema de cables eléctricos = electrical wiring.
    * sistema de calefacción = heating system.
    * sistema de castas = caste system.
    * sistema de cierre = locking system.
    * sistema decimal = decimal system.
    * sistema de circulación automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.
    * sistema de clases sociales = class system.
    * sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.
    * sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.
    * sistema de cobro por la información usada = information metering.
    * sistema de codificación = coding system.
    * sistema de compañías = companionship system.
    * sistema de comunicación = communication system.
    * sistema de comunicaciones = communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicaciones y de Archivo Fotográfico (PACS) = Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS).
    * sistema de comunicación óptica = optical communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicación por Paquetes (PSS) = Packet-Switching System (PSS).
    * sistema de conductos eléctricos = ducting system.
    * sistema de conferencia en línea = online conferencing system.
    * sistema de control = monitoring system, vetting system.
    * sistema de control de la salida = exit control system.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * sistema de conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech system.
    * sistema de copias de seguridad = backup system.
    * sistema de creencias = belief system.
    * sistema de criba = vetting system.
    * sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.
    * sistema de defensa = defence system.
    * sistema de detección = detection system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sistema de digitalización de documentos = document imaging system.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema de distribución = distribution system.
    * sistema de drenaje = drainage system.
    * sistema de emergencia = backup supply, backup system.
    * sistema de emisión de gases = exhaust system.
    * sistema de emisión de humos = exhaust system.
    * sistema de encendido = ignition system.
    * sistema de entrada mediante tarjetas = card-entry system.
    * sistema de entrada múltiple = multiple entry system.
    * sistema de entrada única = single entry system.
    * sistema de escritura = writing system.
    * sistema de evaluación = rating system.
    * sistema de evaluación anónima = double-blind.
    * sistema de evaluación por paresanónima = double-blind refereeing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante rociadores de agua = water sprinkler fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios = fire extinguishing system, extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante gas halón = halon gas fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de facturación = billing system.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema defensivo = defence system.
    * sistema de fichas = card based system.
    * sistema de fichas peek-a-boo = peek-a-boo system.
    * sistema de frenado = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de frenado antibloqueo = antilock braking system.
    * sistema de frenos = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de géneros = sex/gender system.
    * sistema de gestión bibliotecaria = library system, library management system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).
    * sistema de gestión de imágenes = imaging system, image-based system, image management system.
    * sistema de gestión de la información (SGI) = information management system (IMS).
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * Sistema de Gestión de Mensajes (MHS) = Message Handling System (MHS).
    * sistema de gestión de registros = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión documental = information retrieval system (IRS), record(s) system.
    * sistema de gobierno = polity.
    * sistema de iluminación = lighting system.
    * sistema de incentivos = reward system, system of incentives [incentive system].
    * sistema de indización = indexing system, index system.
    * sistema de indización con conservación del contexto (PRECIS) = PRECIS.
    * Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda (DSIS) = Deep Structure Indexing System (DSIS).
    * sistema de indización de fichas = card index system.
    * Sistema de Indización por Frases Anidadas (NEPHIS) = Nested Phrase Indexing System (NEPHIS).
    * sistema de indización postcoordinada = post-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de indización PRECIS = PRECIS indexing system.
    * sistema de indización precoordinada = pre-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de información = information system.
    * Sistema de Información Bibliotecario = LIBRIS.
    * sistema de información documental = document information system.
    * Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema de información integrado = integrated information system.
    * sistema de información sectorial = sectoral information system.
    * Sistema de Información sobre Literatura Gris en Europa (SIGLE) = SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe).
    * sistema + dejar de funcionar = system + crash.
    * sistema de justicia penal = criminal justice system.
    * sistema de la ciencia, el = system of science, the.
    * sistema de lápiz óptico = data pen system.
    * sistema de llave en mano = turnkey system, turnkey software system.
    * sistema de lógica difusa = fuzzy system.
    * sistema del olfato = olfactory system.
    * sistema de medición de los recursos usados = metering system.
    * sistema de megafonía = public address system.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * sistema de multas = fines system.
    * sistema de multiusuarios = multi-user system.
    * sistema de notas = grading system.
    * sistema de numeración = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema de petición de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de préstamo = circulation system, issue system, lending system, book checking system, charge out system, library issue system.
    * sistema de préstamo automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan system.
    * sistema de presupuestación mediante planificación y programación = planning programming budgeting system (PPBS).
    * sistema de primas = bonus scheme.
    * sistema de procesamiento de información = information processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de datos = data processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de imágenes = imaging system.
    * sistema de puntuación = point system.
    * sistema de reclamaciones = chasing system.
    * sistema de recompensa = reward system.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * sistema de recuperación = retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información = IR system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información por medio de menús = menu-based information retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación por relevancia = relevance system.
    * sistema de referencia = reference system, reference system.
    * sistema de referencia por coordenadas = grid reference.
    * sistema de refrigeración = cooling system.
    * sistema de registro = recording system.
    * sistema de reservas = booking system.
    * sistema de retransmisión = relay system.
    * sistema de rociadores de agua = sprinkler system, water sprinkler system.
    * sistema de saneamiento = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de seguimiento = monitoring system.
    * sistema de seguridad = security system, backup system.
    * sistema de selección = vetting system.
    * sistema de sonido cuadrafónico = quadrophonic system.
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * sistema de tarifas = charging system.
    * sistema de telecomunicaciones = telecommunication system.
    * sistema de televisión en color = colour system.
    * sistema de tiempo real = real-time system.
    * sistema de traducción automatizada = machine translation system.
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de transmisión de mensajes = messaging system.
    * sistema de transporte = transport system.
    * sistema de transporte público = public transport system.
    * sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.
    * sistema de trueque, el = barter system, the.
    * sistema de tubos neumáticos = pneumatic tube system.
    * sistema de turnos = rota system.
    * sistema de valores = system of values, value system.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * sistema de valores sociales = social value system.
    * sistema de ventilación = ventilation system.
    * sistema de vídeodisco = video disc system.
    * Sistema de Vídeo Familiar (VHS) = VHS (Video Home System).
    * sistema de videotexto = videotext system.
    * sistema de videotexto público = public viewdata system.
    * sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.
    * sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.
    * sistema digestivo = digestive system.
    * sistema documental = documentary system.
    * sistema económico = economic system.
    * sistema educativo = educational system, education system.
    * sistema electoral = electoral system.
    * sistema eléctrico = electrical system.
    * sistema electrónico de detección de robos = electronic theft detection system.
    * sistema endocrino, el = endocrine system, the.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * sistema energético = energy system.
    * sistema en lenguaje natural = natural language system.
    * sistema en línea = online system.
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sistema escolar, el = school system, the.
    * sistema ético = ethical system.
    * sistema experto = expert system, knowledge-base system.
    * Sistema General de Ordenación (SGO) = Broad System of Ordering (BSO).
    * sistema híbrido = hybrid system.
    * sistema ideológico = system of thought.
    * sistema informático = computing system, computer system.
    * sistema informático hecho por encargo = tailored system.
    * sistema inmunológico = immune system.
    * sistema integrado = integrated system.
    * sistema integrado de gestión bibliotecaria = integrated library package.
    * sistema inteligente = intelligent system.
    * sistema interactivo = interactive system.
    * sistema interactivo en línea = interactive online system.
    * sistema intermediario = backend system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Información sobre Agricultura (AGRIS) = AGRIS (International Agricultural Information System).
    * Sistema Internacional de Unidades, el = International System of Units, the.
    * sistema judicial = judicial system.
    * sistema legal, el = legal system, the.
    * sistema mercantil = market system.
    * sistema mercantilista = mercantile system.
    * sistema métrico decimal, el = metric system, the, decimal metric system, the.
    * sistema métrico, el = metric system, the.
    * sistema monetario = coinage.
    * sistema monetario, el = coinage system, the.
    * Sistema Monetario Europeo = European Monetary System.
    * sistema nervioso = nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso central = central nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso periférico = peripheral nervous system.
    * sistema numérico = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema obsoleto = legacy system.
    * sistema ofimático = office system.
    * sistema olfativo = olfactory system.
    * sistema operativo = operating system, operational system, computer operating system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sistema óptico = optical system, optical system.
    * sistema óptico de información = optical information system.
    * sistema orgánico = organ system.
    * sistema organizativo = organisational scheme, organisation scheme.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * sistema para información geográfica (SIG) = Geographical Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la información de gestión = management information system (MIS).
    * Sistema para la Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * sistema penal = penal system.
    * sistema penitenciario = penal system.
    * sistema personal = home system.
    * sistema político = political system.
    * sistema político unipartidista = one-party rule.
    * sistema precoordinado = pre-coordinate system.
    * sistema respiratorio = respiratory system.
    * sistema social = social system.
    * sistema solar, el = solar system, the.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * sistema virtual de gestión de cursos = course management system.
    * teoría de sistemas = systems theory.
    * vendedor de sistemas = systems vendor.
    * volver a levantar el sistema = restart.

    * * *
    A (método) system
    necesitamos un nuevo sistema we need a new way of doing things o a new system
    trabajar con sistema to work systematically o methodically
    él se opone a todo lo que yo propongo, por sistema he systematically o invariably opposes everything I propose, as a matter of course he opposes everything I propose
    B
    el sistema educativo/impositivo the education/tax system
    el sistema de calefacción the heating system
    2 ( Inf) system
    entrar en or al sistema to log in o on
    salir del sistema to log out o off
    Compuestos:
    ( Mil) Electronic Counter Measures
    distribution system
    set of simultaneous equations
    satellite navegation system
    through-ticketing
    expert system
    metric system
    European Monetary System
    mountain range
    nervous system
    central nervous system
    operating system
    disk operating system
    solar system
    ( Esp) through-ticketing
    * * *

     

    sistema sustantivo masculino
    1 ( método) system;
    trabajar con sistema to work systematically o methodically

    2 ( conjunto organizado) system;

    sistema solar solar system;
    Ssistema Monetario Europeo European Monetary System
    3 (Inf) system;
    entrar en el/salir del sistema to log on/off

    sistema sustantivo masculino
    1 system
    sistema circulatorio, circulatory system
    sistema operativo, operating system
    2 (modo) tenemos que buscar un sistema para hacerlo, we have to find a way to do it
    ♦ Locuciones: por sistema, as a rule
    ' sistema' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bicameral
    - decimal
    - dicotomía
    - educativa
    - educativo
    - enseñanza
    - inconveniente
    - instrumentación
    - inutilizar
    - LOGSE
    - métrica
    - métrico
    - monetaria
    - monetario
    - obsoleta
    - obsoleto
    - perfección
    - poner
    - refrigeración
    - salir
    - simulador
    - simuladora
    - SME
    - SMI
    - solar
    - subsistir
    - sufragio
    - tributación
    - tributaria
    - tributario
    - vía
    - vídeo
    - afianzar
    - afiliarse
    - alfabetizar
    - aparato
    - aplicar
    - cómodo
    - complicado
    - defecto
    - desbaratar
    - ejido
    - escritura
    - falla
    - fórmula
    - funcionamiento
    - impositivo
    - inadecuado
    - ineficaz
    - ingeniar
    English:
    advanced
    - Amtrak
    - antilock braking system
    - backup
    - change over
    - decimal system
    - develop
    - development
    - diagram
    - DOS
    - efficient
    - electronic
    - establishment
    - European Monetary System
    - flagship
    - glitch
    - GPA
    - imperial mile
    - instal
    - install
    - institute
    - log in
    - log off
    - log on
    - log out
    - machinery
    - metric
    - MIS
    - nervous system
    - operating system
    - operational
    - PA
    - piecemeal
    - plumbing
    - pony express
    - process
    - respiratory system
    - retrieval
    - sanitary
    - service
    - set-up
    - sewerage
    - system
    - tax system
    - unsystematic
    - unsystematically
    - comprehensive
    - day
    - decimalization
    - down
    * * *
    nm
    1. [conjunto ordenado] system
    sistema de apertura retardada time lock;
    sistema de apoyo support system;
    el sistema bancario the banking system;
    Astron sistema binario [de estrellas] binary system;
    sistema cegesimal [de unidades] CGS system;
    el Sistema Central = Spanish central mountain range;
    sistema de coordenadas coordinate system;
    sistema decimal decimal system;
    TV sistema dual bilingual broadcasting;
    sistema fiscal tax system;
    el Sistema Ibérico the Iberian chain;
    sistema impositivo tax system;
    sistema métrico (decimal) metric (decimal) system;
    Sistema Monetario Europeo European Monetary System;
    sistema montañoso mountain chain o range;
    sistema periódico (de los elementos) periodic table (of elements);
    sistema planetario planetary system;
    sistema político political system;
    sistema de referencia frame of reference;
    sistema de seguridad security system;
    sistema solar solar system;
    sistema de transportes transport system;
    sistema tributario tax system
    2. Anat system
    sistema cardiovascular cardiovascular system;
    sistema circulatorio circulatory system;
    sistema endocrino endocrine system;
    sistema inmunológico immune system;
    sistema linfático lymphatic system;
    sistema nervioso nervous system;
    sistema nervioso central central nervous system
    3. [método, orden] method;
    trabajar con sistema to work methodically
    4. Informát system
    sistema de alimentación ininterrumpida uninterruptible power supply;
    sistema de almacenamiento storage system;
    sistema de archivos jerárquicos hierarchical file system;
    sistema de autor authoring system;
    sistema binario binary system;
    sistema experto expert system;
    sistema de gestión de bases de datos database management system;
    sistema hexadecimal hexadecimal system, base 16;
    sistema multiprocesador multiprocessor system;
    sistema multiusuario multi-user system;
    sistema de nombres de dominio domain name system;
    sistema operativo operating system
    5. Ling system
    por sistema loc adv
    systematically;
    me lleva la contraria por sistema he always argues with everything I say
    SISTEMA EDUCATIVO
    The Spanish education system starts with free nursery school from 3 to 6. This is followed by primary school from 6 to 12, and compulsory secondary education from 12 to 16, successful completion of which entitles pupils to a “secondary school diploma”. There is then a choice of a general course of study (“bachillerato”) or a technical one, both of two years. The bachillerato allows access to university courses, which can lead to a diploma or degree. In Latin America, there is great variation in educational provision from country to country. The end of compulsory education ranges from age 11 in Honduras to 16 in Peru, though in most countries it is between 13 and 15. Actual enrolment in primary school is high, even in the poorer countries, but about a third of secondary-school-age Latin American children are not actually enrolled. In a poor country such as Guatemala this rises to two-thirds, compared with the high level of secondary enrolment in Argentina, Chile or Cuba.
    * * *
    m system
    * * *
    : system
    * * *
    sistema n system

    Spanish-English dictionary > sistema

  • 13 защита

    containment бтх, cover, guard, protection, shield, shielding, safeguard, (напр. информации) security вчт.
    * * *
    защи́та ж.
    protection; ( от излучения) shielding, screening; (от воздействия влаги и т. п.) proofing
    защи́та отключа́ет повреждё́нный уча́сток от сети́ — protective gear isolates the fault from the running system
    ста́вить защи́ту — protect
    бала́нсная защи́та эл.balance(d) protection
    биологи́ческая защи́та
    1. biological shield(ing)
    2. ( методы защиты) environmental control
    быстроде́йствующая защи́та эл.high-speed protection
    высокочасто́тная защи́та — carrier-current protection
    дистанцио́нная защи́та — distance protection
    дистанцио́нная защи́та с накло́нной характери́стикой — linear distance protection
    земляна́я защи́та — earth [ground] fault protection, earth [ground] leakage protection
    защи́та ко́да на … — code check, for …, … check of a code
    защи́та ко́да на чё́тность — parity check of a code, code check for parity
    защи́та ли́нии контро́льными провода́ми — pilot-wire relaying, pilot-wire protection
    напра́вленная защи́та — directional protection
    защи́та нулево́й после́довательности эл.zero phase-sequence protection
    основна́я защи́та эл.main protection
    защи́та от аэродинами́ческого нагре́ва — aerodynamic heating protection
    защи́та от витко́вых коро́тких замыка́ний — interturn short circuit protection
    защи́та от возде́йствия окружа́ющей среды́ — environmental protection
    защи́та от выпаде́ния из синхрони́зма — out-of-step protection
    защи́та от га́мма-излуче́ния — gamma-shielding
    по́лная защи́та — full [overall] protection
    защи́та от замыка́ния на зе́млю — earth [ground] fault protection, earth [ground] leakage protection
    защи́та от излуче́ния — radiation protection
    защи́та от коро́нного разря́да — corona prevention
    защи́та от коро́тких замыка́нии — short-circuit protection
    защи́та от корро́зии — rust protection
    защи́та от корро́зии, ано́дная — anodic protection
    защи́та от корро́зии, като́дная — cathodic protection
    защи́та от корро́зии, проте́кторная — protector [sacrificial] protection
    защи́та от несинхро́нной рабо́ты — loss-or-synchronism protection
    защи́та от обры́ва фаз — open-phase protection
    защи́та от па́водков — flood protection
    защи́та от перегру́зок эл.overload protection
    защи́та от перенапряже́ний — overvoltage protection
    защи́та от поте́ри синхрони́зма — loss-of-synchronism protection
    защи́та от приё́ма сигна́ла с обра́тного направле́ния радио, свз.discrimination against the rearward direction
    защи́та от сверхто́ков — overcurrent protection
    защи́та па́мяти — memory [storage] protection
    защи́та по напряже́нию, максима́льная — over-voltage protection
    защи́та по напряже́нию, минима́льная — under-voltage protection
    противопожа́рная защи́та — fire protection
    противоуда́рная защи́та мор.collision protection
    защи́та реа́ктора — reactor shielding
    реле́йная защи́та — relay protection
    втора́я ли́ния реле́йной защи́ты — back-up protection
    селекти́вность реле́йной защи́ты — discrimination of protective gear (against smth.)
    реле́йная, дифференциа́льная защи́та — differential protection
    реле́йная, резе́рвная защи́та — back-up protection
    реле́йная защи́та с незави́симой вы́держкой вре́мени — definite-time graded protective gear
    защи́та с блокиро́вкой — locking (protection) system
    защи́та сбо́рных [собира́тельных] шин эл.busbar protection
    секцио́нная защи́та — sectionalizing protection
    селекти́вная защи́та — discriminating protection
    теплова́я защи́та — thermal protection
    то́ковая защи́та — current protection
    то́ковая, максима́льная защи́та — overcurrent protection
    то́ковая, минима́льная защи́та — under-current protection
    электрохими́ческая защи́та — electrolytic protection

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > защита

  • 14 передача


    transfer
    (материальной части из одной организации в другую)
    - (процесс переноса любого вида энергии, информации) — transmission
    - (сообщение)message
    - (усилий, действий) — relay

    the relay, through the controls, of aerodynamic forces exerted on the control surfaces.
    - (устройство для передачи энергии, движения) — transmission
    -, бесступенчатая — infinitely variable transmission
    - вибрацииtransmission of vibration
    амортизаторы предотвращают передачу вибрации, создаваемой двигателем, на планер самолета, — the shock mounts are used to prevent transmission of vibration produced by the engine to the aircraft structure.
    -, гидравлическая — hydraulic transmission
    - голосом (к-л. команды по спу) — call. use the interphone to call: "lg down".
    - данныхdata transfer

    data transfer from a remote sou rce.
    - данных (информации, параметров) в эвм — data transmission to computer
    - данных, дистанционная — remote source data transfer, data transfer from remote source
    -, дистанционная (данных в системе) — remote source data transfer, rs data transfer, data transfer from remote source
    - изделияitem transfer
    - изделия в другую организацию (раздел формуляра)record of transfers
    - кодовых сигналов, уплотненная — multiplex code transmission
    -, коротковолновая (длинноволновая, средневолновая) — sw (lw, mw) transmission
    - на частоте гцtransmission on frequency of
    -, потенциометричеекая (цепь) — potentiometer transmission (circuit)
    - приводов агрегатов, шестеренчатая — accessory drives gear train
    -, сельсинная (система, цепь) — synchro transmission (system, ci rcuit)
    -, сельсинная, дистанционная (процесс) — synchro transfer of remote source data
    - сигнала (рад, и эп.) — transmission of signal
    - с повторением текста принятой радиограммы, чтобы убедиться в правильности приема — readback
    - теплаheat transfer
    -, уплотненная (сигналов) — multiplex (signal) transmission
    - управления (от одного члена экипажа к другому)transfer of control (from one to another crew member)
    -, шестеренчатая) — gear train
    линия п. данных — data link
    переход с приема на п. (радио) — change from reception to transmission
    перебивать (перекрывать) п. — override previous audio system no спгу transmission selection

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > передача

  • 15 Tel.

    tel.
    1 ( teléfono) telephone; (abreviatura) tel.
    * * *
    ABR
    = teléfono tel
    * * *
    (= teléfono) Tel
    * * *
    (= teléfono) Tel
    * * *
    Tel.
    (= teléfono) Tel.
    * * *

    Multiple Entries:
    Tel.    
    tel.
    tel. (abr de teléfono) telephone, tel.
    'tel.' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    auricular
    - centralita
    - cobro
    - colgar
    - comunicar
    - comunicación
    - conferencia
    - confundirse
    - cruce
    - decir
    - información
    - interfono
    - interurbana
    - interurbano
    - línea
    - llamada
    - marcar
    - módem
    - móvil
    - operador
    - operadora
    - parte
    - paso
    - poner
    - ponerse
    - prefijo
    - receptor
    - receptora
    - señal
    - telegráfica
    - telegráfico
    - transmisor
    - transmisora
    English:
    ansaphone
    - answering machine
    - area code
    - busy
    - busy signal
    - call
    - call up
    - caller
    - cartel
    - cellular phone
    - code
    - collect
    - connect
    - connection
    - cut off
    - dial
    - dialling code
    - dialling tone
    - DM
    - engaged
    - foretell
    - hang up
    - hello
    - hold
    - hold on
    - hotel
    - incoming
    - local call
    - microwave
    - motel
    - mouthpiece
    - operator
    - pager
    - pass over
    - put through
    - receiver
    - relay
    - replace
    - retell
    - reverse
    - ring
    - ring back
    - ring off
    - ring up
    - scrambler
    - shortwave
    - speak
    - static
    - stop
    - storyteller
    * * *
    tel. (abrev de teléfono)
    tel
    * * *
    Tel.
    abr (= teléfono) Tel. (= telephone)

    Spanish-English dictionary > Tel.

  • 16 pasar a

    v.
    1 to proceed to, to proceed next to, to go on to.
    Pasemos a revisar el otro capítulo Let's proceed to review the next chapter.
    2 to go into.
    Ricardo pasó a la habitación Richard went into the room.
    3 to happen to, to come to happen to.
    Algo le pasa al carro Something gappens to the car.
    4 to pass, to overtake, to move past.
    Yo paso a ese carro I pass that car
    5 to move on to, to continue on.
    Pasar al siguiente asunto Move on to the next issue...
    6 to pass on to, to hand over to, to pass to, to relay to.
    Yo le paso la cuchara a María I pass the spoon on to Mary.
    * * *
    (v.) = go on to, move on to, proceed to, shunt into, switch over, switch to, step onto, spill over into
    Ex. This chapter now goes on to introduce some of the more basic tools used in the organisation knowledge.
    Ex. We move on to consider the process by which indexing is accomplished.
    Ex. A summary at the beginning of a document serves to prepare the reader to proceed to the remainder of the text.
    Ex. In successive index entries the previous lead term is shunted into the Qualifier position, and the first term in the Display moves into the lead position.
    Ex. Not finding a particular item in the region, the search would be switched over to the national data base, and the record could be supplied.
    Ex. The cataloger can switch to entering records in the local catalog with the code 'p'.
    Ex. As he stepped onto the porch on his way to the garage, he stumbled over a chair, upsetting a vase of flowers and soaking his trousers.
    Ex. The artificiality of institutional concepts has spilled over into the structure of the publishing services on which the user depends for Community information.
    * * *
    (v.) = go on to, move on to, proceed to, shunt into, switch over, switch to, step onto, spill over into

    Ex: This chapter now goes on to introduce some of the more basic tools used in the organisation knowledge.

    Ex: We move on to consider the process by which indexing is accomplished.
    Ex: A summary at the beginning of a document serves to prepare the reader to proceed to the remainder of the text.
    Ex: In successive index entries the previous lead term is shunted into the Qualifier position, and the first term in the Display moves into the lead position.
    Ex: Not finding a particular item in the region, the search would be switched over to the national data base, and the record could be supplied.
    Ex: The cataloger can switch to entering records in the local catalog with the code 'p'.
    Ex: As he stepped onto the porch on his way to the garage, he stumbled over a chair, upsetting a vase of flowers and soaking his trousers.
    Ex: The artificiality of institutional concepts has spilled over into the structure of the publishing services on which the user depends for Community information.

    Spanish-English dictionary > pasar a

  • 17 Black, Harold Stephen

    [br]
    b. 14 April 1898 Leominster, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 11 December 1983 Summitt, New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer who discovered that the application of negative feedback to amplifiers improved their stability and reduced distortion.
    [br]
    Black graduated from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, in 1921 and joined the Western Electric Company laboratories (later the Bell Telephone Laboratories) in New York City. There he worked on a variety of electronic-communication problems. His major contribution was the discovery in 1927 that the application of negative feedback to an amplifier, whereby a fraction of the output signal is fed back to the input in the opposite phase, not only increases the stability of the amplifier but also has the effect of reducing the magnitude of any distortion introduced by it. This discovery has found wide application in the design of audio hi-fi amplifiers and various control systems, and has also given valuable insight into the way in which many animal control functions operate.
    During the Second World War he developed a form of pulse code modulation (PCM) to provide a practicable, secure telephony system for the US Army Signal Corps. From 1963–6, after his retirement from the Bell Labs, he was Principal Research Scientist with General Precision Inc., Little Falls, New Jersey, following which he became an independent consultant in communications. At the time of his death he held over 300 patents.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Lamme Medal 1957.
    Bibliography
    1934, "Stabilised feedback amplifiers", Electrical Engineering 53:114 (describes the principles of negative feedback).
    21 December 1937, US patent no. 2,106,671 (for his negative feedback discovery.
    1947, with J.O.Edson, "Pulse code modulation", Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 66:895.
    1946, "A multichannel microwave radio relay system", Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 65:798.
    1953, Modulation Theory, New York: D.van Nostrand.
    1988, Laboratory Management: Principles \& Practice, New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold.
    Further Reading
    For early biographical details see "Harold S. Black, 1957 Lamme Medalist", Electrical Engineering (1958) 77:720; "H.S.Black", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Spectrum (1977) 54.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Black, Harold Stephen

  • 18 Chappe, Claude

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    b. 25 December 1763 Brulon, France
    d. 23 January 1805 Paris, France
    [br]
    French engineer who invented the semaphore visual telegraph.
    [br]
    Chappe began his studies at the Collège de Joyeuse, Rouen, and completed them at La Flèche. He was educated for the church with the intention of becoming an Abbé Commendataire, but this title did not in fact require him to perform any religious duties. He became interested in natural science and amongst other activities he carried out experiments with electrically charged soap bubbles.
    When the bénéfice was suppressed in 1781 he returned home and began to devise a system of telegraphic communication. With the help of his three brothers, particularly Abraham, and using an old idea, in 1790 he made a visual telegraph with suspended pendulums to relay coded messages over a distance of half a kilometre. Despite public suspicion and opposition, he presented the idea to the Assemblée Nationale on 22 May 1792. No doubt due to the influence of his brother, Ignace, a member of the Assemblée Nationale, the idea was favourably received, and on 1 April 1793 it was referred to the National Convention as being of military importance. As a result, Chappe was given the title of Telegraphy Engineer and commissioned to construct a semaphore (Gk. bearing a sign) link between Paris and Lille, a distance of some 240 km (150 miles), using twenty-two towers. Each station contained two telescopes for observing the adjacent towers, and each semaphore consisted of a central beam supporting two arms, whose positions gave nearly two hundred possible arrangements. Hence, by using a code book as a form of lookup table, Chappe was able to devise a code of over 8,000 words. The success of the system for communication during subsequent military conflicts resulted in him being commissioned to extend it with further links, a work that was continued by his brothers after his suicide during a period of illness and depression. Providing as it did an effective message speed of several thousand kilometres per hour, the system remained in use until the mid-nineteenth century, by which time the electric telegraph had become well established.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.Appleyard, 1930, Pioneers of Electrical Communication.
    International Telecommunications Union, 1965, From Semaphore to Satellite, Geneva.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Chappe, Claude

  • 19 Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    b. 27 April 1791 Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 2 April 1872 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    American portrait painter and inventor, b est known for his invention of the telegraph and so-called Morse code.
    [br]
    Following early education at Phillips Academy, Andover, at the age of 14 years Morse went to Yale College, where he developed interests in painting and electricity. Upon graduating in 1810 he became a clerk to a Washington publisher and a pupil of Washington Allston, a well-known American painter. The following year he travelled to Europe and entered the London studio of another American artist, Benjamin West, successfully exhibiting at the Royal Academy as well as winning a prize and medal for his sculpture. Returning to Boston and finding little success as a "historical-style" painter, he built up a thriving portrait business, moving in 1818 to Charleston, South Carolina, where three years later he established the (now defunct) South Carolina Academy of Fine Arts. In 1825 he was back in New York, but following the death of his wife and both of his parents that year, he embarked on an extended tour of European art galleries. In 1832, on the boat back to America, he met Charles T.Jackson, who told him of the discovery of the electromagnet and fired his interest in telegraphy to the extent that Morse immediately began to make suggestions for electrical communications and, apparently, devised a form of printing telegraph. Although he returned to his painting and in 1835 was appointed the first Professor of the Literature of Art and Design at the University of New York City, he began to spend more and more time experimenting in telegraphy. In 1836 he invented a relay as a means of extending the cable distance over which telegraph signals could be sent. At this time he became acquainted with Alfred Vail, and the following year, when the US government published the requirements for a national telegraph service, they set out to produce a workable system, with finance provided by Vail's father (who, usefully, owned an ironworks). A patent was filed on 6 October 1837 and a successful demonstration using the so-called Morse code was given on 6 January 1838; the work was, in fact, almost certainly largely that of Vail. As a result of the demonstration a Bill was put forward to Congress for $30,000 for an experimental line between Washington and Baltimore. This was eventually passed and the line was completed, and on 24 May 1844 the first message, "What hath God wrought", was sent between the two cities. In the meantime Morse also worked on the insulation of submarine cables by means of pitch tar and indiarubber.
    With success achieved, Morse offered his invention to the Government for $100,000, but this was declined, so the invention remained in private hands. To exploit it, Morse founded the Magnetic Telephone Company in 1845, amalgamating the following year with the telegraph company of a Henry O'Reilly to form Western Union. Having failed to obtain patents in Europe, he now found himself in litigation with others in the USA, but eventually, in 1854, the US Supreme Court decided in his favour and he soon became very wealthy. In 1857 a proposal was made for a telegraph service across the whole of the USA; this was completed in just over four months in 1861. Four years later work began on a link to Europe via Canada, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and Russia, but it was abandoned with the completion of the transatlantic cable, a venture in which he also had some involvement. Showered with honours, Morse became a generous philanthropist in his later years. By 1883 the company he had created was worth $80 million and had a virtual monopoly in the USA.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    LLD, Yale 1846. Fellow of the Academy of Arts and Sciences 1849. Celebratory Banquet, New York, 1869. Statue in New York Central Park 1871. Austrian Gold Medal of Scientific Merit. Danish Knight of the Danneborg. French Légion d'honneur. Italian Knight of St Lazaro and Mauritio. Portuguese Knight of the Tower and Sword. Turkish Order of Glory.
    Bibliography
    E.L.Morse (ed.), 1975, Letters and Journals, New York: Da Capo Press (facsimile of a 1914 edition).
    Further Reading
    J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph (discusses his telegraphic work and its context).
    C.Mabee, 1943, The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel Morse; reprinted 1969 (a detailed biography).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze

  • 20 передавать

    Русско-английский технический словарь > передавать

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